CYRILLICIZE WINDOWS
For Windows Vista and XP Computers

Please note: If you are using a Macintosh or Linux, your best bet for the latest information is to Google using terms like Cyrillic, Russian Macintosh keyboard or Cyrillic Russian Linux keyboard. A quick overview of both Russianization of both systems is available at the Golosa font help site.

This page covers the basics of Cyrillicizing Windows XP and Vista. Much of the information comes from a very complete site by Paul Gorodyansky's winrus.com site, available in both English and Russian. Be sure to visit that site, especially if you need additional detailed information (in both English and Russian) or if you need to Cyrillicize legacy Windows systems, such as Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, or 2000.

Overview. On modern XP and Vista machines, Cyrillic fonts are automatically installed. Your only jobs are to install a Russian keyboard and configure the computer to read Cyrillic menus when they occur. At no time do you have to worry about "losing" English.

RUSSIAN KEYBOARDS IN XP AND VISTA

In the GW labs, Cyrillic keyboards layouts are already installed. Skip this section and go to Cyrillic in GW Computer Labs.

Important! For some versions of XP, you need the original Windows disk!
 

Step 1. Go to regional options.

Open Start -> Settings -> Control Panel and then open Regional Options -> Languages -> Details.

In the resulting dialog Text Services and Input Languages, click Add.

Scroll through the list and look for Cyrillic. You might be prompted to insert your original Windows CD, although for most computers this will not happen.

OK your choice. You will also be given a chance to add a Russian keyboard layout, either Russian (the default) or Russian Typewriter. For the time being, take the default.

Finally, you can create a shortcut key to switch between languages while typing. In the dialog pictured above (Start -> Settings -> Control Panel and then open Regional Options -> Languages -> Details) click Key Settings. The default switch between languages. Is Alt-Shift. You can change it to Ctrl-Shift if you wish. There is also a setting for switching keyboards within a language (for example, English users could switch between the QWERTY keyboard and the Dvorak keyboard). For the time being, don't bother with this setting. Let it be whatever Widows wants it to be.

You now have a Russian keyboard… But…

Does the Microsoft Russian keyboard seems to be chaotic...?
By default Microsoft installs a "real" Russian keyboard, whose layout looks like this:
...

Many students prefer a phonetic keyboard that more or less follows English, like this:
...

Which should you use? If you plan to spend time in Russia on a study tour and/or an internship, you'll eventually have to learn the real Russian "Gosstandart" keyboard. So why not start now. On the other hand, if you will will not be using computers in Russia, you can safely stick to the QWERTY phonetic keyboard, shown immediately above.

How to switch keyboard layouts. How to switch layouts depends on how old your computer is. Some versions of Vista, Apple OS 10.x, and Linux have shown up with Phonetic keyboard options. If when installing a keyboard, you see a Russian Phonetic option, and you want that keyboard, choose it, and you're done. But if that option is not available, try either of these sites:

winrus.com - Paul Gorodyansky's comprehensive site. It covers just about every known issue with Cyrillic for Windows and Vista. This site also features a virtual keyboard: you can type Cyrillic on a public (Internet cafe) computer without installing a thing!

Russian for Gringos offers phonetic keyboard layouts for XP, Vista, and Linux.

CUSTOMIZING KEYBOARDS

If you don't like any of the keyboard layouts currently available, you can make your own. Download Microsoft's Keyboard Layout Creator, MSKLC 1.4.

Step 1. If you are running Vista, skip this step and go to Step 2. Download and install MS .NET 2.0.

Step 2. Download and install MSKLC 1.4

Step 3. Run MSKLC.

Step 4. File => Load existing keyboard. Find the keyboard you want to modify. When done, File => Save Source File As. This will create an intermediate .klc file (not the final keyboared file). Pay attention to where you are saving.

Step 5. Project => Build DLL and Setup package - MSKLC creates the DLL and installation package. Pay attention to where this file is being saved. It will be in a sub-folder of the place where you saved the .klc file from Step 4.

Step 6. Find the setup file in the sub-folder that was created it Step 5. Run setup. Then enjoy your new keyboard. If your new keyboard doesn't show up immediately. Go to Control Panel / Regional and Language Options - Languages tab - Details button. Uninstall the keyboard in question and then reinstall it.

TYPING RUSSIAN ON OTHER PEOPLE’S COMPUTERS

You're at work. For some strange reason, your employer doesn't agree to let you modify the Windows registry of the company's system to install Cyrillic. (How closed-minded of them!) Never fear. You can use a temporary on-screen keyboard to write Cyrillic – either phonetically or on the Gosstandart keyboard. The only inconvenience is that you have to write the text you want on screen and then copy and paste it into whatever you want (e-mail, Word document, etc.) This service is available through Paul Gorodyansky's On-Screen Cyrillic Keyboard. 

RUSSIAN IN INTERNET BROWSERS

Internet browsers for Windows (Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Mozilla Firefox) come configured to be able to read Cyrillic. However, occasionally you'll hit a page that is supposed to be in Russian, but comes out in gibberish. This section shows you what to do in those circumstances.

Overview of the problem. For English letters, all modern computers use the same encoding system. For example, a capital English A is always ANSI code 65 (or to the computer's binary way of counting 1000001). However, for Russian, there are three commonly used encodings: Windows Cyrillic (1251), KOI8r, and Unicode. Most webpages contain information that tells the browser which encoding to use. But occasionally, that information is missing or for some reason, the browser misinterprets it. When that happens, you have to set the encoding manually. Changing the encoding in a browser is not permanent. It can be easily reversed.

In nearly all cases, you'll want to go to View -> Encoding (or View -> Character Set in Mozilla and Firefox) and pick a different set. Sometimes the encodings/character sets that you need are hidden a layer down in the drop-down menues. For example, if you see Windows Cyrillic, but you're looking for KOI8r, try More or, if offered, East European. You''re likely to see additional encoding/character sets there.

Here are some examples of common problems:

Problem 1. Your “Russian” webpage shows is composed of lots of accented European characters:

Your browser is defaulting to a Western encoding. Choose Windows Cyrillic (1251)

Problem 2. Lots of Cyrillic uppercase gibberish:

Your browser is using KOI8r when it should be using Windows Cyrillic (1251) or vice-versa. Try the other encoding/character set.

Problem 3. All question marks (???????????). The browser thinks the document is in Unicode. Try Windows Cyrillic (1251). If that doesn't work, try KOI8r.

ADDITIONAL ISSUES: WINDOWS SYSTEM FONTS IN MENUS AND TITLE BARS

Even if you have successfully completed all the steps above, you may seem some problems with Cyrillic in certain programs or in parts of programs. Specifically, European accented characters or question marks might replace Cyrillic in

> the title bars and status bars of programs
> menus of Russian-market programs
> headers in mail programs, especially Outlook and Outlook Express, and the Microsoft address book.
> title/author/info for Russian-language media presentations in WinAmp, Media Player, and other media presenters

For example...

You see	You should see

The absence of Cyrillic here is because Windows XP as installed on computers in North America automatically selects system fonts and code page settings for English. Fortunately, you can change the settings back and forth quite easily.

1.   Start -> Control Panel -> Regional and Language Options -> Advanced
2.   Look for Language for non-Unicode programs. Choose Russian and click OK.
3.   Reboot when prompted to do so.

After this operation, you will be able to see everything in Cyrillic. You can even give your files legitimate Cyrillic names. Just remember that if you copy a Cyrillic-named file to a computer whose owner has not made this change, the filename will be unreadable.

One other caution, after making this change, menus in European languages may have Cyrillic letters in place of accented letter. For example, a Spanish language whose title bar has a word with an accented e, might have a Russian zh instead.

CYRILLIC IN GW COMPUTER LABS

GW Computer Labs are Cyrillic ready. Look for the Language Bar at the top of the screen or the abbreviated language bar at the bottom right of the screen in the System Tray. Right-click and pick Russian.

If you find you are missing the correct keyboard, activate it by doing the following:

1. Go to Control Panel -> Regional and language Options -> languages tab -> details.
   Choose Add.
2. From the dropdown menu, choose Russian as for the input language and Russian transliterated for the keyboard layout.
3. OK everything.
4. Test out the layout. Open Notepad and switch the keyboard to Russian (RU).
   Type the following keys: mru. On the screen, you should see мpy.
   If you do, then the installation is successful.
   If you do not, try rebooting. Then open Notepad and try the experiment again.

RUSSIAN E-MAIL

WEB-BASED E-MAIL. All the popular web-based e-mail programs (Gmail, Hotmail, MSN-Mail, Yahoo) support Cyrillic by default. However, occasionally, you have to tweak a setting. Russian e-mail usually works best when you are sending in UTF-8 and Formatted Mail (also known as "Rich-format," "HTML"; in other words, NOT "plain text") Go to your mail's help screen and search for UTF-8. Make sure that everything, especially outgoing mail, is set to that. This will not in any way affect e-mail sent to you in other foreign languages.

OTHER E-MAIL SYSTEMS
 

Most e-mail systems are smart enough to figure out how to display Cyrillic properly without additional coaxing. A hidden line of code in the e-mail header usually tells the e-mail program or browser how the Cyrillic is encoded.

GroupWise. Alas! Many GroupWise is incapable of sending Cyrillic reliably. (Likewise, you cannot send Cyrillic mail to people in GroupWise with any assurance that they will be able to read it.) Russian is likely to come out in the form of question marks or little boxes. Give up. It can't be fixed. (But see "My institution does not support Cyrillic in e-mail!" below.)

Outlook, Outlook Express, Mozilla Messenger, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Entoutage are Cyrillic friendly. Set defaults as follows:

Default encoding (look under View => Encoding or under Settings => Encoding): UTF-8. This allows you to write multilingual e-mail.

Plain Text / Rich Formatting (also called Formatted Mail or HTML-formatting) Always choose Rich Formatting. Cyrillic sent in Rich Format from an Cyrillic-unfriendly system often survives. Plain text Cyrillic sometimes gets murdered.

Sometimes, you can restore murdered Russian by adjusting how your e-mail program displays the Russian...

If you see lots of European accented vowels, mostly lowercase, hit View=>Encoding=>Cyrillic - Windows. This will return you to your mailbox inbox. (If it doesn't, hit View=>Encoding=>Cyrillic - Windows again.) Now click on the message again. It should come out in Cyrillic.

If you see mostly uppercase European accented vowels, hit View=>Encoding=>Cyrillic KOI-R. This will return you to your mailbox inbox. (If it doesn't, hit View=>Encoding=>Cyrillic KOI-R again.) Now click on the message again. It should come out in Cyrillic.

"MY INSTITUTION DOES NOT SUPPORT CYRILLIC E-MAIL!" Yes, this happens. There was a time when even a famous Russian-related research oragnization could not read e-mails sent by Russian colleagues. But there's always a fix — a way that you can send and receive mail using your institutional e-mail address. The solution below is given for Gmail, which is the default e-mail carrier for the George Washington University. However, a similar solution may work for other Web-based e-mail systems like Yahoo or MSN mail.

Assume for a moment that you are someone@state_university.edu.

1. Get a Gmail account. We'll call this account someone@gmail.com. You will use this account to "spoof" or masquerade as your institutional account. Don't worry. It's safe and legal.
   
   
2. Now, make sure that all incoming mail goes to your new Gmail account. Go to your old someone@state_university.edu account. Set up forwarding rules so that all the mail coming to that address now goes to someone@gmail.com. (You'll have to ask the tech people at state_university.edu how to start forwarding. It's different for each institution.) Make sure that when invoking forwarding, you tell the someone@state_university.edu account not to keep a copy of the mail at State University's server. After all, you won't be dealing with that server anymore, and there's no sense in clogging up their mail service. At this point, you're halfway done. From now on, any mail written to you at someone@state_university.edu will show up in your new someone@gmail.com account.
   
   Of course, it would be nice if when you replied, your correspondent saw that the mail was coming from your "old" self: someone@state_university.edu and not the new Gmail account. We will fix that in the next few steps.
   
   
3. Go into Gmail settings (top left of the computer screen). Go to Accounts (second menu item from the left).
   
   
4. In Accounts, under Send Mail As, choose Add another e-mail address you own. Enter your old someone@state_university.edu. In the following screen, Gmail will have you verify that you really own that account. (Just follow the directions.)
   
   
5. Once the account has been verified in Accounts, under Send Mail As, on the right-hand side of the screen, click Make Default. That means that from now on, whenever you reply from your new someone@gmail.com account, the person you write to will see the mail as having come from someone@state_university.edu. (This is easily modified.)
   
   
6. Finally, decide whether you always want to be seen as someone@state_university.edu or whether if someone writes you directly as someone@gmail.com, your reply will be marked at from someone@gmail.com. That's the radio button choice further down the screen:

When receiving a message:

• Reply from the same address the message was sent to
• Always reply from default address (currently rrobin@gwu.edu)

You're done. From now on, you're using Cyrillic-friendly Gmail. But your identity is still someone@state_university.edu.

BUT I STILL SEE CYRILLIC AS ????? ???? ?? ??????! If you see question marks or little boxes instead of Cyrillic letters, someone is trying to send you Russian from an old e-mail system (like Wisemail) that does not support Cyrillic. Делать нечего! You have to send them to this page and have them switch e-mail systems.

INSERTING STRESS MARKS INTO CYRILLIC

There are two strategies for doing stress (accent) marks in Russian Cyrillic.

Method 1 (Vremya Accent), limited to Times New Roman (or very similar-looking fonts) uses a special font that contains accented vowels but which in every other way resembles a standard serifed "Times" family font. Main advantage: Russian spell checkers accept accented characters. That's because the accented word being checked is spelled the same as its non-accented counterpart. Only the font changes. Main disadvantage: "Times" (Times new Roman, Times, etc.) font family only. Another slight disadvantage: the accented characters look ugly on the screen – but they print very nicely. Finally, other computer users can read documnets containing VremyaAccent marks only if they have this font installed on their computers.

Method 2 (Native Stress Marks) inserts "real" stress marks directly over the vowel itself. It works with almost any font. Main advantage: Accents work with almost any font in Windows. You can accent any letter in any alphabet – great for those situations where you really need an accented "j". Then too, documents that use this method can be read on any Windows computer. You don't need special fonts. Main disadvantages: (1) Spellcheckers reject stressed words as misspelled. So xaoc 'chaos' is accepted as correct but it's accented counterpart xaoc is seen as a misspelling. That's because the accented version is really read as something  akin to xa’oc. (2) Sometimes the accents come out misplaced - not quite over the center of the vowel in question - or sometimes too high or too low. This can be adjusted through Format, Font, Spacing, Position. But these adjustments can be tricky.

Finally, in order to make either method work effortlessly, you have to be working in a program that allows macros, such as Word or Excel.

You can combine both methods. For example, you can use the VremyaAccent method for serifed text which you want to spell-check and then add accent marks to Helvetica text, for which you will have to forgo spellchecking.

HOW TO DO IT. Both methods require several steps to set up. But once you're done, everything works easily. The following description installs both methods onto your computer.

1. Download and install the VremyaAccent fonts and the Word macro installer. (Right-click and save as...) There are four fonts (vremya1.ttf, vremya2.ttf, vremya3.ttf, and vremya1.ttf) – all packaged into an accent installer zip file. The zip file also contains the Word macro installer. Download this file to any folder on your computer. Then unzip the fonts (but not the macro installer) to c:\windows\fonts\ folder.
    
2. Unzip the macro installer (stressmark-installer.doc) to any directory where you keep Word files.
    
3. Open the macro installer (stressmark-installer.doc) in Word.

   Word (and perhaps additional anti-virus add-on programs such as Norton and Zone Alarm) are likely to try to deny you access to this file or the macros in it. You may have to temporarily reset the security level on these program to Low for these operations. Or it may be that the program will warn you about the dangers of macros and then let you open them anyway if you choose.
    

4. With stressmark-installer.doc on the screen, go to Tools, Macro, Macros, Organizer. That will produce the following menu:
   
   
    
5. As shown, highlight the two macros in "Document 1" and copy them to "Normal.dot".
    
6. Assign each macro to a shortcut key. In this example, I assign VremyaAccent to the Ctrl-q key. In Word, go to Tools, Customize. That will produce the screen shown at the left. Immediately hit "Keyboard."
   
   You will now see the "Customize Keyboard" screen shown at the right. Scroll down the categories list. Highlight the macro you want to add a keyboard shortcut to (in this case, Normal.Vremya.Accent.main). Now place the cursor in "Press New Shortcut key" and press the keystroke you want (in this example, I hold down the Ctrl key and press "q". You'll see the dialog box confirm your choice. Now press "Assign." Then press close.

   
    

7. To use the macro type a few words in Russian. For example, type xaoc. Then place the cursor immediate after the a and press Ctrl-q. The accent mark will appear over the a. When you use VremyaAccent, the actual letter a will look fat and ugly on the screen, but it will print normally.
    
8. Tip for working with Method 2 (Native Stress Marks): Let Word use its native accent marks for all non-exclusive Cyrillic characters (а, е, o, y) and save the CyrAccent stresses for the exclusively Cyrillic characters. It will make your text look neater both on screen and in print. To access Word's native accented characters for a, e, o, y, type ctrl ' (ctrl + apostrophe) before you type the vowel you want to accent.