The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project is a university-chartered research center associated with the Department of History of The George Washington University |
Human Rights Timeline: |
3100-2850 BCEMenes, the first Pharaoh of the Egyptian dynasty, establishes codes of conduct for the Egyptian civilization. 1792-1750 BCEBabylonian King Hammurabi issues the first written law code, the Code of Hammurabi, based on revelation from Shamash, the god of justice. 18th-15th Century BCEThe Five Books of Moses emerge, creating the foundation of the Jewish faith, The Torah. The Torah contains themes including common concern for the welfare and rights of others. Furthermore, the Ten Commandments establish a code of conduct toward others. 800-500 BCEThe Upanishads are written outlining the Vedic beliefs in the relationship between the individual soul, ultimate truth, and Karma as well as the belief that individual actions have ongoing moral consequences. 6th Century BCECyrus the Great, King of the Medes and the Persians, issues the "Charter of Freedom of Mankind." It is considered the first charter of human rights. 551-479 BCEK'ung Fu Tzu (pronounced Confucius in English) establishes the dominant moral and political philosophy in China, Confucianism. The highest Confucian virtue "Jen" is described by Confucius as the principle "to love all men." 509-44 BCERome flourishes under a Republic. Roman values under the Republic emphasize selfless service to the community, individual honor, the necessity of the law, and shared power and decision making. The Roman Republic develops a representative government along with a judicial system. Both the Roman form of government and the Roman form of law become the basis for many later European legal codes still in use today. The Republic ends in 44 BCE when, after civil war, Julius Caesar is named Emperor for life. 479-431 BCEA Golden Age takes place in Athens, under the leadership of Pericles. Athens experiments with Democracy in which there is widespread and direct participation by male citizens in the making of laws in the assembly on the basis of majority rule. 469-391 BCEChinese philosopher Mo-Zi expands on Confucian principles and advances the philosophy of "universal love" as a guiding principle of life. Because no benefit comes from destruction, Mo-Zi discourages large states from attacking smaller states. 451-449 BCEThe Twelve Tables, the Roman Republic's earliest attempt at a code of law, are created in order to prevent patrician public officials, who adjudicated most legal matters, from adjudicating the law based on their own preferences. The Twelve Tables become such a symbol of Roman justice that children are required to memorize them for the next four hundred years. 300 BCEThe Four Vedas, the primary texts of Hinduism, are recorded. These had been codified around 600 BCE, although the teachings pre-date that era. They establish a spiritual precedent found in later religions. 262-232 BCEKing Asoka of India issues his Edicts, emphasizing goodness, kindness and generosity. 45-44 BCECicero writes his philosophical works on humanitas, which emphasize goodwill towards humanity. 27 BCE-476 CEThe Roman Empire develops natural law and the rights of citizens. 30 CEJesus of Nazareth, the central figure of the Christian faith, preaches virtues of "love thy neighbor as thyself" and for those without sin to "cast the first stone." 1st Century CEThe Tripitaka, the sacred texts of Buddhism, is transferred from oral to written tradition, establishing Buddhist community codes of conduct to maintain a harmonious spiritual community. 6th Century CEThe teachings of Muhammad are outlined in the Qur'an, which emphasizes racial and religous tolerance, charity and equality. 1096-1204 CEPope Urban II launches the First Crusade to wrest the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks. Subsequent crusades follow. The Crusades represent the first incident of European Imperialism. 1215 CEAfter England suffers a defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, English Barons rebel against King John and force him to sign the Magna Carta. The charter established that all free men had certain rights that even the king could not violate. |